Hastelloy alloy is a general term for the commercial grades of nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys produced by Hastelloy International Inc. in the United States. It includes Hastelloy B-2 of nickel-molybdenum system and Hastelloy C-4 of nickel-chromium-molybdenum system. In this article, we’ll introduce the grades, properties, and applications of Hastelloy alloy.
Grades of Hastelloy Alloy:
The Hastelloy alloy includes the following grades:
- HASTELLOY B-2: nickel-molybdenum alloy with excellent corrosion resistance in reducing environments
- HASTELLOY B-3: an upgrade of B-2 with excellent corrosion resistance to hydrochloric acid at any temperature and concentration
- HASTELLOY C-4: good thermal stability and excellent toughness and corrosion resistance at temperatures between 650 and 1040 degrees Celsius
- HASTELLOY C-22: superior uniform corrosion resistance in oxidizing media compared to C-4 and C-276, excellent local corrosion resistance
- HASTELLOY C-276: good resistance to oxidation and moderate reduction corrosion, excellent stress corrosion resistance
- HASTELLOY C-2000: the most comprehensive corrosion-resistant alloy, with excellent uniform corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments
- HASTELLOY G-35: an upgrade of G-30 with improved corrosion and thermal stability
- HASTELLOY G-30: a high chromium content nickel-based alloy with excellent performance in mixed acids such as phosphoric acid
- HASTELLOY X: combines high strength, oxidation resistance, and easy processing
Each grade has a specific chemical composition, mechanical properties, and individual advantages, so it cannot be generalized to say what characteristics Hastelloy alloys have.
Hastelloy C-276 belongs to nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron-tungsten nickel-based alloy, which is one of the most corrosion-resistant modern metal materials.
Hastelloy X is a nickel-based superalloy known for its exceptional high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance.
Properties of different Hastelloy alloys
1. Hastelloy C-22
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~56%), Molybdenum (~13%), Chromium (~22%), Iron (~3%), and small amounts of Cobalt and Tungsten.
- Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Outstanding resistance to oxidizing and reducing agents, including ferric and cupric chlorides, chlorine, and nitric acid.
- Temperature Resistance: Excellent performance in high-temperature environments up to 1250°F (677°C).
- Weldability: Good, with resistance to weld heat-affected zone corrosion.
- Mechanical Properties: High strength and ductility.
- Applications:
- Chemical processing equipment.
- Flue gas scrubbers.
- Wastewater treatment plants.
2. Hastelloy C-276
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~57%), Molybdenum (~16%), Chromium (~16%), Iron (~5%), and trace amounts of Tungsten and Cobalt.
- Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Exceptional resistance to strong oxidizers, reducing agents, and localized attack such as pitting and stress corrosion cracking.
- Thermal Stability: Performs well at elevated temperatures.
- Fabricability: Easily fabricated and weldable.
- Mechanical Properties: High tensile strength and toughness.
- Applications:
- Pollution control (scrubbers, ducts).
- Pulp and paper industry.
- Chemical reactors, evaporators, and heat exchangers.
3. Hastelloy C-4
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~65%), Molybdenum (~16%), Chromium (~16%), and Iron (~3%).
- Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Excellent resistance to strongly oxidizing and reducing agents.
- Thermal Resistance: Stability up to 1000°F (538°C).
- Special Feature: Improved resistance to intergranular corrosion.
- Mechanical Properties: Strong and ductile.
- Applications:
- Heat exchangers.
- Chemical process industry.
- Pharmaceuticals.
4. Hastelloy B-2
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~65%), Molybdenum (~28%), and very small amounts of Iron and Chromium.
- Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Exceptional resistance to hydrochloric acid across all concentrations and temperatures.
- Thermal Performance: Less stable in oxidizing environments compared to C-series alloys.
- Fabricability: Easily cold-worked but requires care to avoid contamination.
- Mechanical Properties: High tensile strength but slightly less ductility.
- Applications:
- Hydrochloric acid processing.
- Chemical reaction vessels.
- Pickling operations.
5. Hastelloy G-30
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~44%), Chromium (~30%), Iron (~15%), Molybdenum (~6%), and small amounts of Copper.
- Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Superior resistance to phosphoric acid, strong oxidizing acids, and wet process phosphoric acid plants.
- Mechanical Properties: High strength and good formability.
- Thermal Performance: Suitable for moderately high-temperature applications.
- Applications:
- Fertilizer production.
- Acid leaching.
- Heat exchangers.
6. Hastelloy X
- Chemical Composition: Nickel (~47%), Chromium (~22%), Iron (~18%), Molybdenum (~9%), and Cobalt (~1.5%).
- Properties:
- Heat Resistance: Outstanding high-temperature oxidation resistance up to 2200°F (1204°C).
- Corrosion Resistance: Good resistance in oxidizing and moderately reducing environments.
- Weldability: Excellent.
- Mechanical Properties: High strength at elevated temperatures.
- Applications:
- Jet engines.
- Gas turbines.
- Heat-treating equipment.
Comparison Table: Key Properties of Hastelloy Alloys
| Alloy | Corrosion Resistance | Thermal Stability | Mechanical Properties | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-22 | Excellent in oxidizing/reducing | High (up to 1250°F) | High strength and ductility | Chemical processing, flue gas scrubbers |
| C-276 | Exceptional in harsh conditions | High | High strength and toughness | Pollution control, heat exchangers |
| C-4 | Excellent in intergranular attack | Moderate (up to 1000°F) | Strong and ductile | Heat exchangers, pharmaceuticals |
| B-2 | Best for hydrochloric acid | Lower (avoid oxidizing env.) | High tensile strength | Hydrochloric acid processing |
| G-30 | Superior in phosphoric acid | Moderate | Good formability | Fertilizer production, acid leaching |
| X | Good in oxidizing environments | Outstanding (up to 2200°F) | High strength at high temps | Jet engines, gas turbines |
Hastelloy C-276 belongs to nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron-tungsten nickel-based alloy, which is one of the most corrosion-resistant modern metal materials.
Hastelloy X is a nickel-based superalloy known for its exceptional high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance.
Applications of Hastelloy Alloy:
Hastelloy alloy plate is suitable for various chemical industries containing oxidizing and reducing media. The higher content of molybdenum and chromium enables the alloy to resist chloride ion corrosion, and the tungsten further improves corrosion resistance.
At the same time, C-276 Hastelloy alloy tube is one of the few materials that can withstand corrosion by humid chlorine, hypochlorite salts, and chlorine dioxide solutions. It has significant corrosion resistance to high-concentration chloride solutions such as ferric chloride and cupric chloride.
Application areas: heat exchangers, bellows compensators, chemical equipment, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, paper industry, aerospace applications, acidic environments.
Classifications:
It is mainly divided into B, C, G three series, which is mainly used in strongly corrosive media where ferrous Cr-Ni or Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steel and non-metallic materials cannot be used.
Hastelloy brand
In order to improve the corrosion resistance and hot and cold processing performance of Hastelloy alloy, Hastelloy alloy has been improved three times. Its development process is as follows:
B series: B→B-2(00Ni70Mo28)→B-3
C series: C→C-276(00Cr16Mo16W4)→C-4(00Cr16Mo16)→C-22(00Cr22Mo13W3)→C-2000(00Cr20Mo16)
G series: G→G-3（00Cr22Ni48Mo7Cu）→G-30(00Cr30Ni48Mo7Cu)
The most widely used materials are the second generation N10665(B-2), N10276(C-276), N06022(C-22), N06455(C-4) and N06985(G-3).
Mechanical Properties:
The mechanical properties of Hastelloy are very prominent, it has the characteristics of high strength and high toughness, so it has certain difficulty in machining, and its strain-hardening tendency is extremely strong. When the deformation rate reaches 15%, it is about twice that of 18-8 stainless steel. Hastelloy also has a medium temperature sensitization zone, and its sensitization tendency increases with the increase of deformation rate. When the temperature is high, Hastelloy is easy to absorb harmful elements, which reduces its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
Conclusion
Thank you for reading our article and we hope it can help you know grades, properties, and applications of Hastelloy alloy better. If you want to find more information about Hastelloy alloy, we’d advise you to visit Huaxiao Alloy. As a leading supplier of alloy products across the world, Huaxiao Alloy provides customers with high-quality Hastelloy C-22, Hastelloy C-276, and Hastelloy X at a very competitive price.
Hastelloy C-276 belongs to nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron-tungsten nickel-based alloy, which is one of the most corrosion-resistant modern metal materials.
Hastelloy X is a nickel-based superalloy known for its exceptional high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance.
Hastelloy is a nickel-based superalloy primarily designed for exceptional corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength. These alloys often include molybdenum, chromium, iron, and cobalt to enhance their performance in extreme chemical and thermal environments.
Key Properties:
- Corrosion Resistance: Excellent resistance to oxidizing and reducing agents, including acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid.
- High-Temperature Stability: Performs well in applications with high heat and thermal cycling.
- Versatility: Commonly used in chemical processing, marine, aerospace, and pollution control systems.
| Property | Hastelloy B3 | Hastelloy C276 |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | High molybdenum content (~28-30%), no chromium. | Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy, includes tungsten. |
| Corrosion Resistance | Excellent in highly reducing environments like hydrochloric acid. | Outstanding resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments, including chlorides. |
| Applications | Limited to reducing environments, especially acid-related processes. | More versatile, used in marine, chemical, and pollution control industries. |
| Thermal Stability | Improved thermal stability compared to older B-series alloys. | Better stability in mixed chemical environments and high temperatures. |
Conclusion: Use Hastelloy B3 for reducing conditions like hydrochloric acid, while C276 is better for broader corrosive environments.
Hastelloy C grades are designed to cater to specific corrosion challenges. Below are the most common grades:
| Grade | Key Features | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Hastelloy C276 | Broad resistance to oxidizing and reducing environments. | Chemical processing, marine, and pollution control. |
| Hastelloy C22 | Superior oxidizing resistance, especially against chlorides. | Environmental equipment, scrubbers. |
| Hastelloy C2000 | Contains copper for sulfuric acid resistance. | Chemical plants handling mixed acids. |
| Hastelloy C4 | Thermal stability and oxidizing resistance. | Nitric acid environments, heat exchangers. |
Summary: The grades differ in composition and are tailored for specific chemical or thermal environments.
| Property | Hastelloy C2000 | Hastelloy C276 |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Additions | Copper improves resistance to sulfuric acid. | Tungsten enhances corrosion resistance in chlorides. |
| Corrosion Resistance | Superior in sulfuric acid and mixed acids. | Better for reducing conditions and chlorides. |
| Applications | Ideal for chemical processing with mixed acids. | Suitable for marine, pollution control, and broad chemical uses. |
Key Difference: C2000 is optimized for sulfuric acid applications, while C276 offers broader versatility in reducing and mixed environments.
| Feature | Hastelloy C22 | Hastelloy C276 |
|---|---|---|
| Corrosion Resistance | Superior in oxidizing environments. | Superior in reducing environments. |
| Applications | Chemical reactors, environmental equipment. | Marine, chemical processing, and pollution control. |
| Cost | Generally higher. | Slightly more affordable. |
Conclusion: Choose C22 for oxidizing conditions and C276 for reducing and mixed environments.
Hastelloy B3 equivalents in other standards or materials include:
| Standard | Equivalent Material |
|---|---|
| UNS Number | UNS N10675 |
| ISO | ISO NW 0675 |
| DIN | 2.4600 |
Key Features of Equivalents:
- Excellent corrosion resistance in hydrochloric acid and other strongly reducing media.
- Similar chemical composition to Hastelloy B3, with a high molybdenum content (~28-30%).
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